![]() ![]() Lastly, perspectives and potential challenges facing 4D printing of LCEs are discussed. Within this scope, we elucidate the relationships among external stimuli, tailorable morphologies in mesophases of liquid crystals, and programmable topological configurations of printed parts. Promising potentials of printed complexes include fields of soft robotics, optics, and biomedical devices. In this review, we collect recent advances in 4D printing of LCEs, with emphases on synthesis and processing methods that enable microscopic changes in the molecular orientation and hence macroscopic changes in the properties of end-use objects. By patterning order to structures, LCEs demonstrate reversible high-speed and large-scale actuations in response to external stimuli, allowing for close integration with 4D printing and architectures of digital devices, which is scarcely observed in homogeneous soft polymer networks. Owing to diverse polymeric forms and self-alignment molecular behaviors, LCEs have fascinated state-of-the-art efforts in various disciplines other than the traditional low-molar-mass display market. doi: 10.1002/ crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks exhibiting anisotropic liquid crystallinity while maintaining elastomeric properties. Functional Materials for Two-Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication. 3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: Printing techniques, materials, and applications. Khorsandi D., Fahimipour A., Abasian P., Saber S.S., Seyedi M., Ghanavati S., Ahmad A., De Stephanis A.A., Taghavinezhaddilami F., Leonova A., et al. 3D Printing and Digital Processing Techniques in Dentistry: A Review of Literature. Lin L., Fang Y., Liao Y., Chen G., Gao C., Zhu P. Amalgam risk assessment with coverage of references up to 2005. Mutter J., Naumann J., Walach H., Daschner F. An original case of tin dental fillings from 18th century northern France. Updates in material sciences play important roles in dentistry hence, the emergence of newer materials are expected to promote further innovations in dentistry.ģD printing CAD/CAM additive manufacturing dental materials.īertrand B., Colard T., Lacoche C., Salome J.F., Vatteoni S. Furthermore, the development of composite materials for 3D printing is the main focus of future research, as combining multiple materials can improve the materials' properties. ![]() The manufacturing process of 3D printing and 4D printing materials, their characteristics, applicable printing technologies, and clinical application scope are described in detail. Based on these, this review describes four major materials, i.e., polymers, metals, ceramics, and biomaterials. These can be constituted out of polymeric abiotic material alone or can be co-printed with living cells. This review aims to classify, summarize, and discuss dental materials for 3D printing and 4D printing from a clinical perspective. 3D printing of polymers can now be considered as a common processing technology for the development of biomaterials. Existing 3D printing materials have varied characteristics and scopes of application therefore, categorization is required. Four-dimensional (4D) printing, defined as the fabrication of complex spontaneous structures that change over time in response to external stimuli in expected ways, includes the increasingly popular bioprinting. Three-dimensional printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, has developed rapidly over the last forty years, with gradual application in various fields from industry to dental sciences. As computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies have matured, three-dimensional (3D) printing materials suitable for dentistry have attracted considerable research interest, owing to their high efficiency and low cost for clinical treatment. ![]()
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